ArrayList内部使用一个Object[]数组来保存元素。源码版本为JDK1.7.0_75.
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable,java.io.Serializable
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从ArrayList<E>可以看出它是支持泛型的，它继承了AbstractList，该类提供了List接口的默认实现；List接口定义了list必须实现的方法；RandomAccess是一个标记接口，接口内没有定义任何内容；实现了Cloneable接口的类，可以调用Object.clone方法返回该对象的浅拷贝；实现java.io.Serializable接口可以启用序列化功能，这个也是一个标记接口，接口内也没有定义任何内容，仅用于标识可序列化的语义。
成员变量
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
/**
* 默认初始长度
* Default initial capacity.
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
/**
* 共享的空数组，用于无参构造实例
* Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
*/
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* 存储arraylist元素的buffer。arraylist的容量为该数组的长度。当arraylist为空且
* elementData==EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA时，添加第一个元素时，arraylist的长度会扩展到
* DEFAULT_CAPACITY。
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
* empty ArrayList with elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA will be expanded to
* DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
*/
private transient Object[] elementData;
/**
* arraylist的长度（包含的元素数目）
* The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
*
* @serial
*/
private int size;
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elementData数组存储ArrayList中的元素，size为数组长度。
其中，transient关键字用来表示一个域不是该对象串行化（序列化）的一部分。当一个对象被串行化（序列化）时，transient型变量不包括在串行化（序列化）表示中。通俗地讲，如果用transient修饰一个变量，当对象被存储时，该变量的值不需要维持，不需要为给变量分配内存。
1. transient的作用及使用方法
我们都知道一个对象只要实现了Serilizable接口，这个对象就可以被序列化，java的这种序列化模式为开发者提供了很多便利，我们可以不必关系具体序列化的过程，只要这个类实现了Serilizable接口，这个类的所有属性和方法都会自动序列化。
然而在实际开发过程中，我们常常会遇到这样的问题，这个类的有些属性需要序列化，而其他属性不需要被序列化，打个比方，如果一个用户有一些敏感信息（如密码，银行卡号等），为了安全起见，不希望在网络操作（主要涉及到序列化操作，本地序列化缓存也适用）中被传输，这些信息对应的变量就可以加上transient关键字。换句话说，这个字段的生命周期仅存于调用者的内存中而不会写到磁盘里持久化。
总之，java 的transient关键字为我们提供了便利，你只需要实现Serilizable接口，将不需要序列化的属性前添加关键字transient，序列化对象的时候，这个属性就不会序列化到指定的目的地中。
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构造函数
/**
* 构造给定数组大小的空数组
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
super();
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
}
/**
* 构造未指定数组大小的空数组，此时elementData=EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
* Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
*/
public ArrayList() {
super();
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
/**
* 构造指定数组大小及元素的数组
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
size = elementData.length;
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
}
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方法：
trimToSize中的modCount为父类AbstractList的成员，"The number of times this list has been <i>structurally modified</i>"记录list结构修改次数。
/**
* 将arraylist的容量修剪到数组的长度。应用该方法可以减少arraylist实例的内存。
* Trims the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to be the
* list's current size. An application can use this operation to minimize
* the storage of an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance.
*/
public void trimToSize() {
modCount++;
if (size < elementData.length) {
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
}
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扩充arraylist的容量，至少扩充到原来的1.5倍
/**
* 扩充arraylist的容量
* Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
* necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
* specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
int minExpand = (elementData != EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
// any size if real element table
? 0
// larger than default for empty table. It's already supposed to be
// at default size.
: DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
}
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
/**
* 扩充容量，确保它至少扩充到原来的1.5倍。
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
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方法size、isEmpty都是根据size判断，花费O(1)时间，indexOf方法中，首先判断要搜索的元素是否为空，若为空则遍历数组是否存在空值，有则返回对应的下表，否则返回-1；若元素不为空，同样是遍历数组，使用equal方法判断数组中是否有相等的元素。lastIndexOf方法与indexOf类似，只不过遍历方式是从后向前。contains方法通过判断indexOf方法查找该元素。
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this list.
*
* @return the number of elements in this list
*/
public int size() {
return size;
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains no elements.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains no elements
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element.
* More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this list contains
* at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
*
* @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) >= 0;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int indexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the highest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
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clone方法首先调用父类的clone方法返回一个对象的副本，将所返回的对象的elementData数组赋值为原对象elementData的内容，将副本的modCount设置为0.
该方法返回ArrayList实例的浅副本，即不复制这些元素本身。
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance. (The
* elements themselves are not copied.)
*
* @return a clone of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance
*/
public Object clone() {
try {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
ArrayList<E> v = (ArrayList<E>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError();
}
}
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toArray方法返回elementData数组的副本，而不是返回elementData本身。
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
* in proper sequence (from first to last element).
*
* <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate
* a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
* <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in
* proper sequence
*/
public Object[] toArray() {
return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
// Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
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add和remove特定下标的元素，add的话，注意要先扩充数组容量，若，remove的话最后记得将要删除的位置设置为null，让GC回收垃圾，两个方法都是通过方法system.arraycopy移动数组位置。
添加和删除元素方法不是同步的，因此如果多个线程同时访问一个ArrayList实例，而其中至少一个线程从结构上修改了数组，那么该数组必须保持外部同步，在网上查到，可以通过Collections.synchronizedList方法将该数组包装起来。
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
* list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
* any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
* indices).
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element that was removed from the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
modCount++;
E oldValue = elementData(index);
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
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clear方法并没有修改elementData的长度，只是将其内容设置null，让GC回收空间，并设size为0.
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will
* be empty after this call returns.
*/
public void clear() {
modCount++;
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
size = 0;
}
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removeAll和retainAll方法，removeAll是删除数组中包含指定集合的元素，retainAll是只保留在指定集合中的元素，数组的其他元素将删除。
/**
* Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the
* specified collection.
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be removed from this list
* @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
* is incompatible with the specified collection
* (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
* specified collection does not permit null elements
* (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see Collection#contains(Object)
*/
public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
return batchRemove(c, false);
}
/**
* Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the
* specified collection. In other words, removes from this list all
* of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be retained in this list
* @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
* is incompatible with the specified collection
* (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
* specified collection does not permit null elements
* (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see Collection#contains(Object)
*/
public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
return batchRemove(c, true);
}
private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
int r = 0, w = 0;
boolean modified = false;
try {
for (; r < size; r++)
if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
} finally {
// Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
// even if c.contains() throws.
if (r != size) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
elementData, w,
size - r);
w += size - r;
}
if (w != size) {
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
modCount += size - w;
size = w;
modified = true;
}
}
return modified;
}
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size、isEmpty、get、set、iterator和listIterator操作需要O（1）时间，add、remove等操作大都以线性时间运行。
参考：
